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  Servlet
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  <h1 id="Servlet"><a href="#Servlet" class="headerlink" title="Servlet"></a>Servlet</h1><hr>
<h2 id="Servlet-介绍"><a href="#Servlet-介绍" class="headerlink" title="Servlet 介绍"></a>Servlet 介绍</h2><h3 id="Servlet-功能"><a href="#Servlet-功能" class="headerlink" title="Servlet 功能"></a>Servlet 功能</h3><p>Servlet 程序运行在服务器端，处理浏览器带来的 HTTP 请求，并返回响应给浏览器，实现用户交互。</p>
<p><img src="/pic/servlet.png" alt="img"></p>
<p>相比于 CGI（公共网关接口），Servlet 有以下几点优势：</p>
<ol>
<li>性能明显更好。</li>
<li>在 Web 服务器的地址空间内执行，不必单独创建进程来处理每个客户端请求。</li>
<li>使用 Java 编写，平台无关性。</li>
<li>进行了一系列限制，可以保护服务器计算机上的资源。</li>
</ol>
<p><em>目前主流框架的底层响应都以 Servlet 的方式实现。</em></p>
<h3 id="Servlet-生命周期"><a href="#Servlet-生命周期" class="headerlink" title="Servlet 生命周期"></a>Servlet 生命周期</h3><ul>
<li><strong>加载和初始化</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>服务器第一次访问 Servlet 时会创建 Servlet 的实例（一个 Servlet 类只有一个实例）。</p>
<p>之后服务器调用 <code>init</code> 方法初始化 Servlet 对象，创建或加载初始化数据。</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>处理服务</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>每接收到一个 Http 请求时，服务器会产生一个新的线程并调用 <code>service</code> 方法处理请求。</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>销毁和垃圾回收</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>当 Servlet 被销毁时，服务器调用 <code>destroy</code> 方法释放 Servlet 对象所占的资源。</p>
<p>最后由 JVM 对 Servlet 实例进行垃圾回收。</p>
<hr>
<h2 id="Servlet-开发"><a href="#Servlet-开发" class="headerlink" title="Servlet 开发"></a>Servlet 开发</h2><h3 id="Servlet-接口"><a href="#Servlet-接口" class="headerlink" title="Servlet 接口"></a>Servlet 接口</h3><p>实现 Serlvet 接口，即可得到 Servlet 的 Java 类。Servlet 接口内定义了以下 5 个方法。</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>ServletRequest 类</strong>：用户请求</li>
<li><strong>ServletResponse 类</strong>：返回信息</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">ServletDemo1</span> <span class="keyword">implements</span> <span class="title class_">Servlet</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 初始化</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title function_">init</span><span class="params">(ServletConfig arg0)</span> <span class="keyword">throws</span> ServletException &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        System.out.println(<span class="string">&quot;Init&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 处理服务</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title function_">service</span><span class="params">(ServletRequest arg0, ServletResponse arg1)</span></span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">throws</span> ServletException, IOException &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        System.out.println(<span class="string">&quot;Service&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 销毁</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title function_">destroy</span><span class="params">()</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        System.out.println(<span class="string">&quot;Destroy&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 获取 Servlet 配置</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">public</span> ServletConfig <span class="title function_">getServletConfig</span><span class="params">()</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="literal">null</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 获取 Servlet 信息</span></span><br><span class="line">   <span class="keyword">public</span> String <span class="title function_">getServletInfo</span><span class="params">()</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="literal">null</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h3 id="HttpServlet-类"><a href="#HttpServlet-类" class="headerlink" title="HttpServlet 类"></a>HttpServlet 类</h3><p>在 Java EE 中， HttpServlet 类已经实现了 Servlet 接口。实际开发中我们可以直接使用。</p>
<p>HttpServlet 类中 service 方法会根据 HTTP 请求类型，选择调用 <code>doGet</code>、<code>doPost</code>、<code>doPut</code>，<code>doDelete</code> 等方法。</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>HttpServletRequest 类</strong>：用户请求</li>
<li><strong>HttpServletResponse 类</strong>：服务器响应</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title class_">ServletDemo2</span> <span class="keyword">extends</span> <span class="title class_">HttpServlet</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 接收 GET 请求</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="meta">@Override</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">protected</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title function_">doGet</span><span class="params">(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)</span>  <span class="keyword">throws</span> ServletException, IOException &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        System.out.println(<span class="string">&quot;Get&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">// 接收 POST 请求</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="meta">@Override</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">protected</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title function_">doPost</span><span class="params">(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)</span>  <span class="keyword">throws</span> ServletException, IOException &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        System.out.println(<span class="string">&quot;Post&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">        doGet(req,resp);</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>HttpServletRequest/HttpServletResponse 对象封装了 HTTP 请求头/响应头中的所有信息，可以通过对象提供的方法获取。</p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>




<p>通过 request 对象提供的 getRequestDispatche(String path)方法返回一个 RequestDispatcher 对象，调用这个对象的 forward 方法可以实现请求转发。</p>
<p>request 对象同时也是一个域对象(Map 容器)，开发人员通过 request 对象在实现转发时，可以通过 setAttribute 方法将数据带给其它 web 资源处理。</p>
<figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 拦截器</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="type">boolean</span> <span class="title function_">preHandle</span><span class="params">(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler)</span> <span class="keyword">throws</span> Exception &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="type">HttpSession</span> <span class="variable">session</span> <span class="operator">=</span> request.getSession();</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> (session.getAttribute(SESSION_KEY) != <span class="literal">null</span>) <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="literal">true</span>;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment">// 通过 ruquest 对象传递一个值</span></span><br><span class="line">        request.setAttribute(<span class="string">&quot;message&quot;</span>,<span class="string">&quot;登录失败，请先输入用户名和密码。&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment">// 跳转登录页面（重定向）</span></span><br><span class="line">        request.getRequestDispatcher(<span class="string">&quot;login&quot;</span>).forward(request,response);</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="literal">false</span>;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>










<hr>
<p>Servlet 可以设置初始化参数，供Servlet内部使用。，在它初始化时调用init()方法，销毁时调用destroy()方法。Servlet需要在web.xml中配置（MyEclipse中创建Servlet会自动配置），一个Servlet可以设置多个URL访问。Servlet不是线程安全，因此要谨慎使用类变量。</p>
<p>创建 Serlvet 类后，我们在 web.xml 配置。</p>
<figure class="highlight xml"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">servlet</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">&lt;!--创建的servlet 类名--&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">servlet-name</span>&gt;</span>default<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">servlet-name</span>&gt;</span> </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">&lt;!--创建的servlet 包名--&gt;</span>     </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">servlet-class</span>&gt;</span>org.apache.catalina.servlets.DefaultServlet<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">servlet-class</span>&gt;</span>  </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment">&lt;!--初始化参数--&gt;</span> </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">init-param</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">param-name</span>&gt;</span>debug<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">param-name</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">param-value</span>&gt;</span>0<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">param-value</span>&gt;</span>          </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">init-param</span>&gt;</span>                </span><br><span class="line">        <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">load-on-startup</span>&gt;</span>1<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">load-on-startup</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">servlet</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">&lt;!--建立映射：通过url访问servlet类--&gt;</span> </span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">servlet-mapping</span>&gt;</span>                                  </span><br><span class="line">    <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">servlet-name</span>&gt;</span>default<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">servlet-name</span>&gt;</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="tag">&lt;<span class="name">url-pattern</span>&gt;</span>/<span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">url-pattern</span>&gt;</span>         </span><br><span class="line"><span class="tag">&lt;/<span class="name">servlet-mapping</span>&gt;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
 
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  <div id="local-search-result" class="local-search-result"></div>
</div>
</div>
    </aside>
    <div id="mask"></div>

<!-- #reward -->
<div id="reward">
  <span class="close"><i class="ri-close-line"></i></span>
  <p class="reward-p"><i class="ri-cup-line"></i>请我喝杯咖啡吧~</p>
  <div class="reward-box">
    
    <div class="reward-item">
      <img class="reward-img" src="/images/alipay.jpg">
      <span class="reward-type">支付宝</span>
    </div>
    
    
    <div class="reward-item">
      <img class="reward-img" src="/images/wechat.jpg">
      <span class="reward-type">微信</span>
    </div>
    
  </div>
</div>
    
<script src="/js/jquery-3.6.0.min.js"></script>
 
<script src="/js/lazyload.min.js"></script>

<!-- Tocbot -->
 
<script src="/js/tocbot.min.js"></script>

<script>
  tocbot.init({
    tocSelector: ".tocbot",
    contentSelector: ".article-entry",
    headingSelector: "h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6",
    hasInnerContainers: true,
    scrollSmooth: true,
    scrollContainer: "main",
    positionFixedSelector: ".tocbot",
    positionFixedClass: "is-position-fixed",
    fixedSidebarOffset: "auto",
  });
</script>

<script src="https://cdn.staticfile.org/jquery-modal/0.9.2/jquery.modal.min.js"></script>
<link
  rel="stylesheet"
  href="https://cdn.staticfile.org/jquery-modal/0.9.2/jquery.modal.min.css"
/>
<script src="https://cdn.staticfile.org/justifiedGallery/3.8.1/js/jquery.justifiedGallery.min.js"></script>

<script src="/dist/main.js"></script>

<!-- ImageViewer -->
 <!-- Root element of PhotoSwipe. Must have class pswp. -->
<div class="pswp" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true">

    <!-- Background of PhotoSwipe. 
         It's a separate element as animating opacity is faster than rgba(). -->
    <div class="pswp__bg"></div>

    <!-- Slides wrapper with overflow:hidden. -->
    <div class="pswp__scroll-wrap">

        <!-- Container that holds slides. 
            PhotoSwipe keeps only 3 of them in the DOM to save memory.
            Don't modify these 3 pswp__item elements, data is added later on. -->
        <div class="pswp__container">
            <div class="pswp__item"></div>
            <div class="pswp__item"></div>
            <div class="pswp__item"></div>
        </div>

        <!-- Default (PhotoSwipeUI_Default) interface on top of sliding area. Can be changed. -->
        <div class="pswp__ui pswp__ui--hidden">

            <div class="pswp__top-bar">

                <!--  Controls are self-explanatory. Order can be changed. -->

                <div class="pswp__counter"></div>

                <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--close" title="Close (Esc)"></button>

                <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--share" style="display:none" title="Share"></button>

                <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--fs" title="Toggle fullscreen"></button>

                <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--zoom" title="Zoom in/out"></button>

                <!-- Preloader demo http://codepen.io/dimsemenov/pen/yyBWoR -->
                <!-- element will get class pswp__preloader--active when preloader is running -->
                <div class="pswp__preloader">
                    <div class="pswp__preloader__icn">
                        <div class="pswp__preloader__cut">
                            <div class="pswp__preloader__donut"></div>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>

            <div class="pswp__share-modal pswp__share-modal--hidden pswp__single-tap">
                <div class="pswp__share-tooltip"></div>
            </div>

            <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--left" title="Previous (arrow left)">
            </button>

            <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--right" title="Next (arrow right)">
            </button>

            <div class="pswp__caption">
                <div class="pswp__caption__center"></div>
            </div>

        </div>

    </div>

</div>

<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.staticfile.org/photoswipe/4.1.3/photoswipe.min.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.staticfile.org/photoswipe/4.1.3/default-skin/default-skin.min.css">
<script src="https://cdn.staticfile.org/photoswipe/4.1.3/photoswipe.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdn.staticfile.org/photoswipe/4.1.3/photoswipe-ui-default.min.js"></script>

<script>
    function viewer_init() {
        let pswpElement = document.querySelectorAll('.pswp')[0];
        let $imgArr = document.querySelectorAll(('.article-entry img:not(.reward-img)'))

        $imgArr.forEach(($em, i) => {
            $em.onclick = () => {
                // slider展开状态
                // todo: 这样不好，后面改成状态
                if (document.querySelector('.left-col.show')) return
                let items = []
                $imgArr.forEach(($em2, i2) => {
                    let img = $em2.getAttribute('data-idx', i2)
                    let src = $em2.getAttribute('data-target') || $em2.getAttribute('src')
                    let title = $em2.getAttribute('alt')
                    // 获得原图尺寸
                    const image = new Image()
                    image.src = src
                    items.push({
                        src: src,
                        w: image.width || $em2.width,
                        h: image.height || $em2.height,
                        title: title
                    })
                })
                var gallery = new PhotoSwipe(pswpElement, PhotoSwipeUI_Default, items, {
                    index: parseInt(i)
                });
                gallery.init()
            }
        })
    }
    viewer_init()
</script> 
<!-- MathJax -->

<!-- Katex -->

<!-- busuanzi  -->
 
<script src="/js/busuanzi-2.3.pure.min.js"></script>
 
<!-- ClickLove -->

<!-- ClickBoom1 -->

<script src="https://cdn.staticfile.org/animejs/3.2.1/anime.min.js"></script>

<script src="/js/clickBoom1.js"></script>
 
<!-- ClickBoom2 -->

<!-- CodeCopy -->
 
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/clipboard.css">
 <script src="https://cdn.staticfile.org/clipboard.js/2.0.10/clipboard.min.js"></script>
<script>
  function wait(callback, seconds) {
    var timelag = null;
    timelag = window.setTimeout(callback, seconds);
  }
  !function (e, t, a) {
    var initCopyCode = function(){
      var copyHtml = '';
      copyHtml += '<button class="btn-copy" data-clipboard-snippet="">';
      copyHtml += '<i class="ri-file-copy-2-line"></i><span>COPY</span>';
      copyHtml += '</button>';
      $(".highlight .code pre").before(copyHtml);
      $(".article pre code").before(copyHtml);
      var clipboard = new ClipboardJS('.btn-copy', {
        target: function(trigger) {
          return trigger.nextElementSibling;
        }
      });
      clipboard.on('success', function(e) {
        let $btn = $(e.trigger);
        $btn.addClass('copied');
        let $icon = $($btn.find('i'));
        $icon.removeClass('ri-file-copy-2-line');
        $icon.addClass('ri-checkbox-circle-line');
        let $span = $($btn.find('span'));
        $span[0].innerText = 'COPIED';
        
        wait(function () { // 等待两秒钟后恢复
          $icon.removeClass('ri-checkbox-circle-line');
          $icon.addClass('ri-file-copy-2-line');
          $span[0].innerText = 'COPY';
        }, 2000);
      });
      clipboard.on('error', function(e) {
        e.clearSelection();
        let $btn = $(e.trigger);
        $btn.addClass('copy-failed');
        let $icon = $($btn.find('i'));
        $icon.removeClass('ri-file-copy-2-line');
        $icon.addClass('ri-time-line');
        let $span = $($btn.find('span'));
        $span[0].innerText = 'COPY FAILED';
        
        wait(function () { // 等待两秒钟后恢复
          $icon.removeClass('ri-time-line');
          $icon.addClass('ri-file-copy-2-line');
          $span[0].innerText = 'COPY';
        }, 2000);
      });
    }
    initCopyCode();
  }(window, document);
</script>
 
<!-- CanvasBackground -->
 
<script src="/js/dz.js"></script>
 
<script>
  if (window.mermaid) {
    mermaid.initialize({ theme: "forest" });
  }
</script>


    
    

  </div>
</body>

</html>